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16 Not only does this higher torque exact a high metabolic cost for producing muscle force, but christian louboutin it also acts through a greater angular displacement, resulting in 2 to 3 times as much work. This high cost of low COM displacement torque may explain why humans do not normally stand or walk with bent legs. Another disadvantage of bent-legged walking is that it requires greater angular excursions of the swing leg due to reduced ground clearance. Humans appear to compensate with a swing-leg trajectory with greater angular excursions, notably about the ankle and knee, and greater hip power during swing.16 The effects of reduced COM motion on additional stance and swing-leg motion Christian Louboutin Sandals and the torque required to support body weight, among other disadvantages, all appear to contribute to its high cost.Center-of-mass displacement also can be reduced simply by taking shorter but faster steps.17 Such a strategy makes it possible to avoid both bending the legs and reducing the height of the hip relative to normal, but human Christian Louboutin Shoes sale experiments show that there also are substantial disadvantages. For example, walking at normal speed but with steps 40% shorter than normal results in more than doubling of the energy expenditure, 14 a penalty similar to that of bent-legged walking. This increase in energy expediture may be attributed to the higher step frequency required to maintain Christian Sandals normal speed with shorter steps, which means that the legs must be moved faster than normal, requiring more joint work. It appears that regardless of how COM displacement is reduced, there is a substantial energetic penalty.